Pathophysiology clinical concepts of disease processes.1.Pathophysiology: Clinical Concepts of Disease ProcessesSylvia A. Price RN PhD, Lorraine M. Wilson RN PhD, Sylvia A.
Dasar Fisiologi. Pokok Bahasan 1. Tingkatan Organisasi Tubuh Manusia 2. Sistem Organ 3. Integrasi Sistem Organ. Oleh sistem respirasi, urinari dan sistem digestif. Fungsi transportasi zat dalam tubuh dilakukan oleh sistem. Kerangka Referensi Anatomi Posisi Relatif dan Arah 2/5 diatas bagian lain atau menuju kearah kepala. Inferior. Skema anatomi cowrie, Cypraea annulus (Sumber: Pearson Education, 1995). Annulus Cypraea annulus melakukan mekanisme atau sistem fisiologis untuk. Ditambahkan bahwa Sistem respirasi Cypraea annulus diperankan oleh sifon.
Price,Wilson.Publisher: MosbyRelease Date:.The new edition of this well-respected text uses a body system approach to studying diseases.
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Sistem Respiratori Tonang Dwi Ardyanto
Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract – nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
• lower respiratory tract – bronchial tree and lungs
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS PRIMARY • SUPPLY BODY WITH OXYGEN • DISPOSE OF CARBON DIOXIDE SECONDARY • SOUND PRODUCTION • ACID-BASE BALANCE • OLFACTORY RECEPTION
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ANATOMI
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Structure of the thoracic cavity
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Airways
Airways • Upper airways: - nose to pharynx • Lower airways: - Conducting airway: larynx bronchioles - Respiratory airway: alveoli Due to the wall structure of the airway: one cell layer (SSE) allows for gas exchange
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Alveolar structure • Type I cells gas exchange • Type II cells secrete surfactant (lipoproteins) decrease surface tension allowing for easier alveoli inflation • Surfactants start to be secreted by the 7th month of pregnancy risk of lung disease in premature babies • Presence of macrophages in alveoli
Respiratory airway: Alveoli
• Alveolar wall is formed by simple squamous epithelium = type I cells (SSE) gas exchange • Respiratory membrane: membrane separating alveolus from blood capillary. • Large surface area from the numerous alveoli better gas exchange • Presence of elastic fibers between alveoli
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Blood supply to the lungs
FISIOLOGI
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS BRONCHIAL TREE • TRACHEA (1) • PRIMARY BRONCHI (2) • SECONDARY BRONCHI (1 PER LOBE) • TERTIARY BRONCHI (8 L & 10 R) • BRONCHIOLES (MANY) • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES (x 50 - 80) • RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (x 2+) • ALVEOLAR DUCTS (x 2 – 10) • ALVEOLAR SACS
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Overview • Respiration = gas exchange -Occurs at the levels of the lungs and tissues (external respiration) and cell (internal or cellular respiration).
• External respiration: - Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs - Gas exchange in the alveoli - Gas transport in the blood - Gas exchanges between blood and tissues
The respiratory system
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Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration
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Mechanisms of breathing – expiration
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Gas exchange at the alveoli
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Inspiration and expiration • Inspiration: chest wall expands due to muscle contraction (diaphragm and/or other muscles) Pressure in alveoli ↓ air moves toward alveoli • Expiration: passive process muscle relax chest wall return to resting state alveoli become compressed ↑ alveolar pressure move moves out
Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Gas Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Amount in inhaled air
Amount in exhaled air
21%
17%
Very small amount
3%
79%
79%
Small amount
Large amount
Water vapour What are the main differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
Why does mouth-to-mouth resuscitation work?
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Measuring breathing Tidal volume is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath. Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take per minute. Minute volume is the volume of air you breathe in one minute. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. Residual volume is the amount of air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as hard as you can.
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Sistem Respiratori Tonang Dwi Ardyanto
Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract – nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
• lower respiratory tract – bronchial tree and lungs
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS PRIMARY • SUPPLY BODY WITH OXYGEN • DISPOSE OF CARBON DIOXIDE SECONDARY • SOUND PRODUCTION • ACID-BASE BALANCE • OLFACTORY RECEPTION
1
6/17/2011
ANATOMI
2
6/17/2011
3
6/17/2011
4
6/17/2011
Structure of the thoracic cavity
5
6/17/2011
Airways
Airways • Upper airways: - nose to pharynx • Lower airways: - Conducting airway: larynx bronchioles - Respiratory airway: alveoli Due to the wall structure of the airway: one cell layer (SSE) allows for gas exchange
6
6/17/2011
Alveolar structure • Type I cells gas exchange • Type II cells secrete surfactant (lipoproteins) decrease surface tension allowing for easier alveoli inflation • Surfactants start to be secreted by the 7th month of pregnancy risk of lung disease in premature babies • Presence of macrophages in alveoli
Respiratory airway: Alveoli
• Alveolar wall is formed by simple squamous epithelium = type I cells (SSE) gas exchange • Respiratory membrane: membrane separating alveolus from blood capillary. • Large surface area from the numerous alveoli better gas exchange • Presence of elastic fibers between alveoli
7
6/17/2011
Blood supply to the lungs
FISIOLOGI
8
6/17/2011
RESPIRATORY ORGANS BRONCHIAL TREE • TRACHEA (1) • PRIMARY BRONCHI (2) • SECONDARY BRONCHI (1 PER LOBE) • TERTIARY BRONCHI (8 L & 10 R) • BRONCHIOLES (MANY) • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES (x 50 - 80) • RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (x 2+) • ALVEOLAR DUCTS (x 2 – 10) • ALVEOLAR SACS
9
6/17/2011
Overview • Respiration = gas exchange -Occurs at the levels of the lungs and tissues (external respiration) and cell (internal or cellular respiration).
• External respiration: - Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs - Gas exchange in the alveoli - Gas transport in the blood - Gas exchanges between blood and tissues
The respiratory system
30 of 28
© Boardworks Ltd 2006
10
6/17/2011
Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration
31 of 28
© Boardworks Ltd 2006
Mechanisms of breathing – expiration
32 of 28
© Boardworks Ltd 2006
Gas exchange at the alveoli
33 of 28
© Boardworks Ltd 2006
11
6/17/2011
Inspiration and expiration • Inspiration: chest wall expands due to muscle contraction (diaphragm and/or other muscles) Pressure in alveoli ↓ air moves toward alveoli • Expiration: passive process muscle relax chest wall return to resting state alveoli become compressed ↑ alveolar pressure move moves out
Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Gas Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Amount in inhaled air
Amount in exhaled air
21%
17%
Very small amount
3%
79%
79%
Small amount
Large amount
Water vapour What are the main differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
Why does mouth-to-mouth resuscitation work?
12
6/17/2011
Measuring breathing Tidal volume is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath. Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take per minute. Minute volume is the volume of air you breathe in one minute. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. Residual volume is the amount of air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as hard as you can.
13